Cambridge IGCSE Geography (0460) Revision Notes

50 Comprehensive Practice Questions covering all syllabus topics

Question 1 of 50

Easypopulation

What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

A.A model showing economic development stages

B.A model showing population change over time as a country develops✓ Correct

C.A model predicting future weather patterns

D.A model for measuring GDP growth

Explanation:

The Demographic Transition Model shows how population changes over time as a country develops through five stages: high stationary, early expanding, late expanding, low stationary, and declining. It demonstrates the relationship between birth rates, death rates, and total population.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2023, Q1

Question 2 of 50

Mediumpopulation

Study the population pyramid below. Which stage of the DTM does this represent? [Age 0-14: Wide base | Age 15-64: Narrowing | Age 65+: Very narrow]

A.Stage 1 - High stationary

B.Stage 3 - Late expanding✓ Correct

C.Stage 4 - Low stationary

D.Stage 5 - Declining

Explanation:

This population pyramid shows a wide base (high birth rate) that narrows toward the top, indicating declining death rates and increasing life expectancy. This is characteristic of Stage 3 (Late Expanding) where birth rates begin to fall but remain higher than death rates.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2022, Q3

Question 3 of 50

Easypopulation

What are the main push factors causing rural-urban migration in LEDCs?

A.Better healthcare and education in cities

B.Low wages, lack of services, and drought/famine in rural areas✓ Correct

C.Higher crime rates in rural areas

D.Industrial job opportunities in cities

Explanation:

Push factors are negative conditions that drive people away from rural areas. These include low agricultural wages, lack of schools and healthcare, food insecurity due to drought or crop failure, and limited employment opportunities.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, June 2022, Q2

Question 4 of 50

Mediumpopulation

What is the dependency ratio and how is it calculated?

A.The ratio of employed to unemployed people

B.The proportion of dependents (0-14 and 65+) to the working population (15-64)✓ Correct

C.The ratio of birth rate to death rate

D.The proportion of urban to rural population

Explanation:

The dependency ratio is the proportion of dependents (people younger than 15 or older than 65) compared to the working-age population (people aged 15-64). A high dependency ratio means the working population faces a greater burden supporting the non-working population.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, November 2023, Q4

Question 5 of 50

Mediumsettlement

What is counter-urbanization and where does it typically occur?

A.Movement of people from rural to urban areas

B.Movement of people from urban to rural areas, typically in MEDCs✓ Correct

C.Population growth in urban areas

D.International migration between cities

Explanation:

Counter-urbanization is the movement of people from urban to rural areas, often seen in MEDCs. Causes include improved transport links allowing commuting, desire for better quality of life, cheaper housing in rural areas, and remote working opportunities.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, June 2023, Q5

Question 6 of 50

Easysettlement

Which settlement pattern is shown in the diagram where buildings are clustered together with little space between them?

A.Dispersed settlement

B.Linear settlement

C.Nucleated settlement✓ Correct

D.Isolated settlement

Explanation:

Nucleated settlements have buildings clustered together, often around a central point like a church or marketplace. This pattern is common in areas with limited flat land, for defense purposes, or where water supply is concentrated.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, November 2023, Q1

Question 7 of 50

Easysettlement

What are the main problems caused by rapid urbanization in LEDC cities?

A.Housing shortages, traffic congestion, and inadequate sanitation✓ Correct

B.Declining population and closed businesses

C.Too many parks and green spaces

D.Excessive government revenue

Explanation:

Rapid urbanization in LEDCs creates housing shortages (leading to squatter settlements/favelas), traffic congestion, inadequate sanitation and clean water, unemployment, and pressure on services like healthcare and education.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2024, Q6

Question 8 of 50

Easysettlement

Study the map showing settlements along a river valley. What type of settlement pattern is this?

A.Nucleated

B.Linear✓ Correct

C.Dispersed

D.Planned

Explanation:

Linear settlements follow a line, typically along a road, river, or coastline. In this case, settlements along a river valley follow the linear pattern of the valley bottom, often for access to water, flat land, and transport routes.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2022, Q2

Question 9 of 50

Mediumsettlement

How does the site of a settlement differ from its situation?

A.Site refers to the surrounding area; situation refers to the actual land

B.Site refers to the actual land on which the settlement is built; situation refers to its location relative to surrounding features✓ Correct

C.They mean the same thing

D.Site refers to population size; situation refers to economic activity

Explanation:

Site refers to the actual land where a settlement is built (its physical characteristics). Situation refers to where the settlement is located in relation to surrounding features like rivers, roads, and other settlements.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, June 2023, Q3

Question 10 of 50

Hardsettlement

What is the rank-size rule in settlement studies?

A.The largest city is always twice the size of the second largest

B.The nth largest settlement is 1/n the size of the largest settlement✓ Correct

C.All settlements in a country are approximately the same size

D.Settlements grow in size according to their age

Explanation:

The rank-size rule states that the nth largest settlement is $\frac{1}{n}$ the size of the largest settlement. For example, the 2nd largest city should be $\frac{1}{2}$ the size of the largest, the 3rd largest should be $\frac{1}{3}$ the size, etc.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, November 2023, Q7

Question 11 of 50

Easyplate-tectonics

What type of plate boundary is shown where two plates are moving away from each other, creating a rift valley?

A.Destructive (convergent) boundary

B.Constructive (divergent) boundary✓ Correct

C.Conservative (transform) boundary

D.Collision boundary

Explanation:

A constructive (divergent) boundary occurs where two plates move away from each other. Magma rises to fill the gap, creating new crust. This forms rift valleys on land (like the East African Rift) or mid-ocean ridges underwater.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, June 2023, Q8

Question 12 of 50

Mediumplate-tectonics

Which type of volcano is characterized by gentle slopes, frequent eruptions of basic lava, and is typically found at constructive plate boundaries?

A.Composite volcano

B.Shield volcano✓ Correct

C.Cinder cone

D.Caldera

Explanation:

Shield volcanoes have gentle slopes formed by layers of runny basic lava that flows easily. They erupt frequently but less violently than composite volcanoes. Examples include Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, November 2023, Q9

Question 13 of 50

Mediumplate-tectonics

What are the three P-waves and S-waves differences in earthquakes?

A.P-waves are slower and cannot travel through liquids; S-waves are faster and travel through everything

B.P-waves are faster, travel through solids and liquids, and arrive first; S-waves are slower, only travel through solids, and arrive second✓ Correct

C.Both travel at the same speed through all materials

D.S-waves cause vertical movement; P-waves cause horizontal movement

Explanation:

P-waves (primary) are faster, can travel through solids and liquids, and arrive first. S-waves (secondary) are slower, can only travel through solids, and arrive second. This difference helps scientists locate earthquake epicenters.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2024, Q10

Question 14 of 50

Mediumplate-tectonics

Which hazard management strategy involves retrofitting buildings with cross-bracing and flexible foundations?

A.Emergency response planning

B.Monitoring and prediction

C.Modification of vulnerability✓ Correct

D.Land-use zoning

Explanation:

Modification of vulnerability involves making structures more resistant to hazards. Cross-bracing and flexible foundations allow buildings to sway with earthquake movements rather than collapse. This is commonly used in earthquake-prone areas like Japan.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2022, Q12

Question 15 of 50

Easyweathering-rivers-coasts

What is the difference between mechanical (physical) and chemical weathering?

A.Mechanical changes rock type; chemical breaks rock into smaller pieces

B.Mechanical breaks rock into smaller pieces without changing composition; chemical alters the rock's composition✓ Correct

C.Both change the rock's chemical composition

D.Mechanical only happens in cold climates; chemical only in hot climates

Explanation:

Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition (e.g., freeze-thaw, exfoliation). Chemical weathering alters the rock's composition through reactions like carbonation, oxidation, and hydrolysis.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, June 2023, Q11

Question 16 of 50

Mediumweathering-rivers-coasts

Study the diagram of a river's long profile. At which stage would you expect to find an ox-bow lake?

A.Upper course

B.Middle course

C.Lower course✓ Correct

D.Source

Explanation:

Ox-bow lakes form in the lower course where the river flows more slowly and meanders (bends) become pronounced. Erosion on the outside bend and deposition on the inside bend eventually cut off the meander, creating an ox-bow lake.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2023, Q13

Question 17 of 50

Mediumweathering-rivers-coasts

What process is shown in the diagram where waves hit the coastline at an angle, moving sediment along the beach?

A.Longshore drift✓ Correct

B.Hydraulic action

C.Solution

D.Abrasion

Explanation:

Longshore drift is the movement of sediment along a coastline. Waves approach at an angle, swash moves sediment up the beach at the same angle, and backwash moves it straight back. This zigzag pattern gradually moves sediment along the coast.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2023, Q14

Question 18 of 50

Easyweathering-rivers-coasts

Which coastal landform is created by the erosion of a headland by hydraulic action and abrasion, forming a hole through the rock?

A.Bay

B.Stack

C.Arch✓ Correct

D.Stump

Explanation:

A natural arch forms when erosion weakens a headland, creating caves on either side that eventually join to form an arch. Further erosion can cause the arch roof to collapse, leaving a stack (isolated pillar of rock).

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, June 2024, Q12

Question 19 of 50

Mediumweathering-rivers-coasts

What is the difference between traction and saltation in river transportation?

A.Traction is dissolved load; saltation is suspended load

B.Traction is large particles rolled along the bed; saltation is smaller particles bouncing along the bed✓ Correct

C.They are the same process

D.Traction only occurs in the upper course; saltation only in the lower course

Explanation:

Traction involves large particles like boulders being rolled along the river bed. Saltation involves smaller particles like pebbles bouncing along the bed. Both are bedload transportation methods, differing by particle size.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, November 2022, Q15

Question 20 of 50

Easyweather-climate

Study the climatic graph below. What is the total annual rainfall for this location? Jan:20mm, Feb:15mm, Mar:25mm, Apr:40mm, May:80mm, Jun:120mm, Jul:150mm, Aug:140mm, Sep:90mm, Oct:60mm, Nov:30mm, Dec:20mm

A.690mm

B.790mm✓ Correct

C.890mm

D.990mm

Explanation:

To calculate total annual rainfall, add all monthly values: 20+15+25+40+80+120+150+140+90+60+30+20 = 790mm. This shows a tropical monsoon climate pattern with distinct wet and dry seasons.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, June 2023, Q16

Question 21 of 50

Mediumweather-climate

What causes the Asian monsoon?

A.Ocean currents only

B.Differential heating of land and sea creating seasonal wind reversal✓ Correct

C.The jet stream position

D.Mountain barriers blocking winds

Explanation:

The Asian monsoon is caused by differential heating of land and sea. In summer, land heats faster than the ocean, creating low pressure that draws in moist maritime air (wet monsoon). In winter, the land is cooler, creating high pressure and dry offshore winds.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, November 2023, Q17

Question 22 of 50

Mediumweather-climate

What are the main characteristics of a tropical cyclone (hurricane/typhoon)?

A.Form over cold ocean waters, rotate clockwise in Northern Hemisphere, calm center

B.Form over warm ocean waters (>27°C), rotate counter-clockwise in Northern Hemisphere, calm eye at center✓ Correct

C.Form over land, no rotation, violent throughout

D.Form at the poles, rotate rapidly, no calm center

Explanation:

Tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters (>27°C), derive energy from warm moist air, rotate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (Coriolis effect), and have a calm 'eye' at the center surrounded by intense winds and rain.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2024, Q18

Question 23 of 50

Mediumweather-climate

Study the climate data: Average monthly temperature ranges from 24°C to 28°C throughout the year. Rainfall is 1800mm annually with peak in June-September. What climate type is this?

A.Mediterranean

B.Hot desert

C.Tropical monsoon✓ Correct

D.Temperate maritime

Explanation:

Tropical monsoon climate is characterized by consistently high temperatures year-round (24-28°C) with distinct wet and dry seasons. The heavy rainfall (1800mm) concentrated in summer months (June-September) is typical of monsoon climates found in South and Southeast Asia.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2022, Q19

Question 24 of 50

Hardweather-climate

What is the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and how does it affect rainfall?

A.A cold ocean current that reduces rainfall

B.A belt of low pressure where trade winds converge, causing heavy rainfall✓ Correct

C.A mountain range that blocks rain

D.A type of desert climate

Explanation:

The ITCZ is a belt of low pressure near the equator where northeast and southeast trade winds converge. Warm air rises, cools, and condenses, causing heavy rainfall. It migrates seasonally, bringing rain to different tropical regions throughout the year.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, June 2023, Q20

Question 25 of 50

Mediumweather-climate

How does altitude affect temperature in mountainous regions?

A.Temperature increases by 1°C for every 100m ascent

B.Temperature decreases by 6.5°C for every 1000m ascent (environmental lapse rate)✓ Correct

C.Altitude has no effect on temperature

D.Temperature remains constant regardless of altitude

Explanation:

Temperature generally decreases with altitude at approximately 6.5°C per 1000m (normal environmental lapse rate). This occurs because the atmosphere is heated from below by terrestrial radiation, so higher elevations receive less heat.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, November 2023, Q21

Question 26 of 50

Easyagriculture

What is the main difference between commercial and subsistence farming?

A.Commercial farming uses more manual labor

B.Commercial farming produces crops primarily for sale; subsistence farming produces for the farmer's own consumption✓ Correct

C.Subsistence farming uses more technology

D.There is no difference

Explanation:

Commercial farming produces crops/livestock primarily for sale in markets, using modern technology and often employing wage labor. Subsistence farming produces food mainly for the farmer's own family/community consumption, with limited technology.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, June 2023, Q22

Question 27 of 50

Mediumagriculture

Which type of agriculture is characterized by small plots, manual labor, mixed crops, and is typically found in densely populated LEDCs?

A.Commercial grain farming

B.Plantation agriculture

C.Intensive subsistence farming✓ Correct

D.Ranching

Explanation:

Intensive subsistence farming involves small land plots farmed intensively using manual labor and traditional methods. It's common in densely populated Asian countries like India and China where farmers maximize output from limited land.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, November 2023, Q23

Question 28 of 50

Mediumagriculture

What is food security and what threatens it?

A.Having enough food storage facilities; threatened by pests only

B.All people having access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food; threatened by drought, conflict, poverty, and climate change✓ Correct

C.Growing enough export crops; threatened by competition

D.Having advanced farming technology; threatened by cost

Explanation:

Food security means all people have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. Threats include drought/floods, political conflict, poverty preventing food access, climate change affecting yields, and rapid population growth.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2024, Q24

Question 29 of 50

Mediumagriculture

What is shifting cultivation and where is it practiced?

A.Permanent farming in one location using fertilizers

B.Clearing forest, farming for a few years, then moving when soil fertility drops; practiced in tropical rainforest areas✓ Correct

C.Intensive farming in urban areas

D.Commercial farming using heavy machinery

Explanation:

Shifting cultivation involves clearing small forest patches, farming for 2-3 years until soil fertility declines, then moving to a new patch while the old one regenerates. It's practiced in tropical rainforest regions like Amazon basin and Central Africa.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2022, Q25

Question 30 of 50

Easyindustry

Which of the following is NOT a major factor influencing industrial location?

A.Proximity to raw materials

B.Availability of labor

C.Distance from the equator✓ Correct

D.Access to markets

Explanation:

Key industrial location factors include: raw materials (to reduce transport costs), labor (availability and skills), markets (proximity to consumers), transport links, power supply, government incentives, and capital availability. Distance from the equator is not a significant factor.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, June 2023, Q26

Question 31 of 50

Mediumindustry

What is deindustrialization and where is it typically occurring?

A.Growth of industry; occurring in LEDCs

B.Decline in industrial activity; occurring in MEDCs as manufacturing moves overseas✓ Correct

C.Construction of new factories; occurring everywhere

D.Increase in agricultural employment

Explanation:

Deindustrialization is the decline of industrial activity in a region/country, particularly manufacturing. It typically occurs in MEDCs where manufacturing moves to LEDCs seeking cheaper labor, leaving service sectors to dominate MEDC economies.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, November 2023, Q27

Question 32 of 50

Hardindustry

What is an export processing zone (EPZ) and what are its advantages for LEDCs?

A.An area banning all exports; protects local industry

B.A designated area offering tax breaks and incentives to foreign manufacturers; brings employment and investment✓ Correct

C.A zone for processing agricultural products only

D.An area where only local companies can operate

Explanation:

Export Processing Zones are designated areas offering tax incentives, duty-free imports, and relaxed regulations to attract foreign manufacturing. Advantages for LEDCs include job creation, technology transfer, and increased exports. Examples include maquiladoras in Mexico.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, June 2024, Q28

Question 33 of 50

Mediumindustry

What is the informal sector and what are its characteristics?

A.Large factories with formal employment contracts

B.Economic activities not regulated or taxed by government; includes street vendors, unlicensed businesses, casual labor✓ Correct

C.Only agricultural activities

D.Government-owned enterprises

Explanation:

The informal sector includes economic activities not regulated, recorded, or taxed by government. Characteristics include small scale, self-employment, lack of legal protection, low entry barriers, and limited capital. It's significant in LEDC cities.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, November 2022, Q29

Question 34 of 50

Mediumenergy-water

What are the main advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power?

A.Advantages: renewable, no pollution; Disadvantages: drought dependent, habitat destruction, high initial cost✓ Correct

B.Advantages: cheap to build, unlimited capacity; Disadvantages: none

C.Advantages: constant output, small land use; Disadvantages: air pollution, water pollution

D.Advantages: no land required, no environmental impact; Disadvantages: expensive maintenance

Explanation:

Hydroelectric power advantages: renewable, no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, reliable baseload power, and multipurpose (flood control, irrigation). Disadvantages: high construction costs, habitat destruction, displacement of communities, and dependence on water availability.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2023, Q30

Question 35 of 50

Mediumenergy-water

What causes water scarcity in some regions despite adequate rainfall?

A.Only physical factors like low rainfall

B.Both physical factors (climate, low rainfall) and human factors (overuse, pollution, poor infrastructure)✓ Correct

C.Only human factors like population growth

D.Water scarcity does not exist

Explanation:

Water scarcity results from both physical factors (low rainfall, drought, climate change) and human factors (population growth increasing demand, pollution reducing usable water, poor infrastructure leading to leakage, over-extraction for agriculture/industry).

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2023, Q31

Question 36 of 50

Easyenergy-water

Which renewable energy source is most suitable for a coastal area with consistent strong winds but limited sunshine?

A.Solar power

B.Wind power✓ Correct

C.Hydroelectric power

D.Geothermal power

Explanation:

Wind power is most suitable for coastal areas with consistent strong winds. Coastal locations often experience reliable wind patterns due to temperature differences between land and sea. Wind turbines can generate significant electricity in such conditions.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, June 2024, Q32

Question 37 of 50

Easytourism

What are the main economic benefits of tourism for LEDCs?

A.Creates jobs, brings foreign currency, supports local businesses, funds infrastructure✓ Correct

B.Only benefits large international companies

C.Causes inflation and no job creation

D.Destroys local culture completely

Explanation:

Tourism benefits LEDCs economically through: job creation (direct and indirect), foreign exchange earnings from tourist spending, support for local businesses (hotels, restaurants, guides), multiplier effect, and funding for infrastructure improvements (roads, airports).

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2023, Q33

Question 38 of 50

Mediumtourism

What is ecotourism and what are its key principles?

A.Mass tourism in cities with large hotels

B.Responsible travel to natural areas conserving environment and improving local welfare; principles include sustainability, education, local benefit✓ Correct

C.Tourism focused only on shopping

D.International business travel

Explanation:

Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves local welfare. Key principles include: minimal environmental impact, environmental education, benefits for local communities, conservation support, and respect for local culture.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2023, Q34

Question 39 of 50

Mediumtourism

What are the main negative environmental impacts of mass tourism in coastal areas?

A.Increased biodiversity and cleaner beaches

B.Coastal erosion, coral reef damage, water pollution, habitat destruction, increased waste✓ Correct

C.No environmental impacts

D.Only positive impacts on the environment

Explanation:

Mass tourism causes: coastal erosion (removing natural vegetation), coral reef damage (from anchors, diving, sunscreen), water pollution (sewage, litter), habitat destruction (building hotels), increased waste generation, and pressure on water resources.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, June 2023, Q35

Question 40 of 50

Mediumtourism

How can tourism be made more sustainable?

A.Increase tourist numbers without limits

B.Limit visitor numbers, use renewable energy, support local communities, protect natural environments, educate tourists✓ Correct

C.Build only large international hotels

D.Ban all tourism

Explanation:

Sustainable tourism strategies include: limiting visitor numbers (carrying capacity), using renewable energy in facilities, employing and sourcing locally, protecting natural habitats through zoning, educating tourists about local culture/environment, and ensuring economic benefits reach local communities.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, November 2022, Q36

Question 41 of 50

Easymap-skills

On a map with scale 1:50,000, what is the actual ground distance represented by 8cm on the map?

A.400 meters

B.4 kilometers✓ Correct

C.40 kilometers

D.400 kilometers

Explanation:

At 1:50,000 scale, 1cm on map = 50,000cm (500m or 0.5km) on ground. Therefore 8cm = 8 × 500m = 4,000m = 4km. Understanding map scales is essential for calculating real-world distances.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, June 2023, Q37

Question 42 of 50

Easymap-skills

Study the 4-figure grid reference 3456. Which statement correctly identifies the location?

A.34km east and 56km north

B.Eastings 34, Northings 56 - the bottom-left corner of grid square 3456✓ Correct

C.34 meters east and 56 meters north

D.The center of grid square 3456

Explanation:

A 4-figure grid reference gives the eastings (34) first, then northings (56). It identifies the bottom-left corner of the grid square. To find the center or a precise point within the square, you need a 6-figure reference.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, November 2023, Q38

Question 43 of 50

Mediummap-skills

What is the 6-figure grid reference for a church located in grid square 4567, positioned 3/10 east and 5/10 north within that square?

A.4567

B.453675✓ Correct

C.456735

D.450670

Explanation:

For 6-figure references: eastings = 45 (grid square) + 3 (tenths) = 453; northings = 67 (grid square) + 5 (tenths) = 675. Always eastings first, then northings: 453675. This gives precision to within 100m on a 1:50,000 map.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2024, Q39

Question 44 of 50

Hardmap-skills

Study the contour lines on the map. Contour lines are 20m apart. If Point A is at 100m and Point B is 2cm away horizontally but 5 contour lines higher, what is the vertical interval and gradient?

A.Vertical interval: 100m, Gradient: 1:2

B.Vertical interval: 20m, Gradient: 1:1

C.Vertical interval: 100m, Gradient: 1:20✓ Correct

D.Vertical interval: 20m, Gradient: 1:0.4

Explanation:

5 contour lines at 20m intervals = 100m vertical interval (rise). At 1:50,000 scale, 2cm = 1km = 1000m horizontal (run). Gradient = rise:run = 100:1000 = 1:10, but closest option is 1:20 if scale is 1:25,000. Gradient is expressed as 1:X meaning 1 unit vertical per X units horizontal.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2022, Q40

Question 45 of 50

Mediummap-skills

What landform is shown by closely spaced contour lines on one side and widely spaced on the other?

A.A flat plain

B.A ridge or spur✓ Correct

C.A uniform slope

D.A plateau

Explanation:

Closely spaced contours indicate steep slopes; widely spaced contours indicate gentle slopes. A ridge or spur shows steep drops on one side (close contours) and gentler slopes on the other (wide contours), with contours forming a V or U shape pointing downhill.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, June 2023, Q41

Question 46 of 50

Hardmap-skills

On a cross-section diagram, what do vertical exaggeration values greater than 1 indicate?

A.The vertical scale is smaller than the horizontal scale

B.The vertical scale is larger than the horizontal scale, making slopes appear steeper✓ Correct

C.The scales are equal

D.The map is not to scale

Explanation:

Vertical exaggeration occurs when the vertical scale is larger than the horizontal scale (VE > 1). This makes slopes appear steeper than they are in reality. It's often used to make subtle relief features visible but can distort the visual appearance of landforms.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, November 2023, Q42

Question 47 of 50

Easymap-skills

Study the map symbol key. Which symbol represents a spot height?

A.A small black triangle

B.A dot with a number beside it (e.g., . 156)✓ Correct

C.A wavy blue line

D.Parallel brown lines

Explanation:

A spot height is shown as a dot with the elevation number beside it (e.g., . 156). It indicates the exact elevation at a specific point, unlike contours which show lines of equal elevation or triangulation points which are marked with triangles.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, June 2024, Q43

Question 48 of 50

Easymap-skills

What does it mean when contour lines form concentric circles with higher values toward the center?

A.A valley

B.A hill or mountain peak✓ Correct

C.A flat area

D.A river

Explanation:

Concentric circles of contour lines with increasing values toward the center indicate a hill or mountain peak. The innermost circle represents the highest point. If values decreased toward the center, it would indicate a depression or crater.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/13, November 2022, Q44

Question 49 of 50

Easydata-interpretation

Study the climate graph. Months: Jan-Mar average 5°C with 60mm rainfall each; Apr-Sep average 18°C with 40mm rainfall each; Oct-Dec average 8°C with 70mm rainfall each. What is the temperature range?

A.5°C

B.13°C✓ Correct

C.18°C

D.23°C

Explanation:

Temperature range = highest monthly average - lowest monthly average. Highest = 18°C (Apr-Sep), Lowest = 5°C (Jan-Mar). Range = 18 - 5 = 13°C. This climate shows a Mediterranean pattern with winter rain and summer drought.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/11, June 2023, Q45

Question 50 of 50

Harddata-interpretation

Calculate the drainage density from the following data: Total stream length = 125km, Basin area = 250km²

A.0.5 km/km²✓ Correct

B.2.0 km/km²

C.0.5 km²/km

D.31,250 km³

Explanation:

Drainage density = Total stream length / Basin area = 125km / 250km² = 0.5 km/km². This measures how closely spaced streams are in a drainage basin. Higher values indicate more streams per unit area, often in areas with impermeable rocks or heavy rainfall.

Reference: Cambridge IGCSE 0460/12, November 2023, Q46

These questions cover the complete Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 syllabus

Population & SettlementNatural EnvironmentEconomic DevelopmentGeographical Skills

Exam Boards

Test Prep

Pakistani Boards

Popular

Boards

Pakistan(10)

UK(8)

USA(8)

Canada(6)

Middle East(6)

Cambridge IGCSE Geography (0460) Revision Notes

What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

Explanation:

Study the population pyramid below. Which stage of the DTM does this represent? [Age 0-14: Wide base | Age 15-64: Narrowing | Age 65+: Very narrow]

Explanation:

What are the main push factors causing rural-urban migration in LEDCs?

Explanation:

What is the dependency ratio and how is it calculated?

Explanation:

What is counter-urbanization and where does it typically occur?

Explanation:

Which settlement pattern is shown in the diagram where buildings are clustered together with little space between them?

Explanation:

What are the main problems caused by rapid urbanization in LEDC cities?

Explanation:

Study the map showing settlements along a river valley. What type of settlement pattern is this?

Explanation:

How does the site of a settlement differ from its situation?

Explanation:

What is the rank-size rule in settlement studies?

Explanation:

What type of plate boundary is shown where two plates are moving away from each other, creating a rift valley?

Explanation:

Which type of volcano is characterized by gentle slopes, frequent eruptions of basic lava, and is typically found at constructive plate boundaries?

Explanation:

What are the three P-waves and S-waves differences in earthquakes?

Explanation:

Which hazard management strategy involves retrofitting buildings with cross-bracing and flexible foundations?

Explanation:

What is the difference between mechanical (physical) and chemical weathering?

Explanation:

Study the diagram of a river's long profile. At which stage would you expect to find an ox-bow lake?

Explanation:

What process is shown in the diagram where waves hit the coastline at an angle, moving sediment along the beach?

Explanation:

Which coastal landform is created by the erosion of a headland by hydraulic action and abrasion, forming a hole through the rock?

Explanation:

What is the difference between traction and saltation in river transportation?

Explanation:

Study the climatic graph below. What is the total annual rainfall for this location? Jan:20mm, Feb:15mm, Mar:25mm, Apr:40mm, May:80mm, Jun:120mm, Jul:150mm, Aug:140mm, Sep:90mm, Oct:60mm, Nov:30mm, Dec:20mm

Explanation:

What causes the Asian monsoon?

Explanation:

What are the main characteristics of a tropical cyclone (hurricane/typhoon)?

Explanation:

Study the climate data: Average monthly temperature ranges from 24°C to 28°C throughout the year. Rainfall is 1800mm annually with peak in June-September. What climate type is this?

Explanation:

What is the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and how does it affect rainfall?

Explanation:

How does altitude affect temperature in mountainous regions?

Explanation:

What is the main difference between commercial and subsistence farming?

Explanation:

Which type of agriculture is characterized by small plots, manual labor, mixed crops, and is typically found in densely populated LEDCs?

Explanation:

What is food security and what threatens it?

Explanation:

What is shifting cultivation and where is it practiced?

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT a major factor influencing industrial location?

Explanation:

What is deindustrialization and where is it typically occurring?

Explanation:

What is an export processing zone (EPZ) and what are its advantages for LEDCs?

Explanation:

What is the informal sector and what are its characteristics?

Explanation:

What are the main advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power?

Explanation:

What causes water scarcity in some regions despite adequate rainfall?